Symptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder - 983 Words

Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder is a treatable illness marked by extreme changes in mood, thought, energy, and behavior. Bipolar Disorder (BPD) is also known as manic depression because a person’s mood can rotate between the â€Å"poles†Ã¢â‚¬â€mania (highs) and depression (lows). Possibly the first person who termed â€Å"mania and melancholia† as two diverse states of one and the same disease was the Greek physician of the 1st century AD, Aretaeus of Cappadocia. â€Å"It appears to me that melancholy is the commencement and a part of mania†. (Alexander 2014). Early diagnosis and treatment of BPD, through the usage of combined treatments including: medications and cognitive therapy, can help the individual lead a productive life. The precise etiology of BPD has yet to be determined. Scientific data suggests it’s caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. The exact cause of the imbalance is unclear. The hypothesis that views a mixture of nature (genetic factors) and nurture (stressful life events) origins, appears to be the most likely. Genetics certainly play a strong part. BPD is found to be more common in people who have family members with mood disorders. â€Å"Strong evidence shows that people who have imbalances in hormones and brain chemicals specifically, the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine are linked with BPD.† Newer studies point out a marked influence from environmental factors such as stress and trauma. In several studies, a history of childhood sexual,Show MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Treatment854 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical condition known as bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is when a person suffers from severe shifts in mood and energy. In most cases, bipolar disorder can be treated and people with the illness can live normal and productive lives with the help of medication and or therapy. Aiken, C. (2010). Family Experiences of Bipolar Disorder: The Ups, the Downs and the Bits in Between. Retrieved from Ebsco Host. In this book the author discusses her own dealings with Bipolar Disorder. She goes on to say howRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1489 Words   |  6 PagesDiego City College Bipolar disorder, also called manic-depressive disorder, is a disease that affects thousands of people all over the United States of America. According to Sarris (2011) approximately 1-2% of adults will be affected by bipolar disorder in their lifetime. While some individuals may go undiagnosed, the prevalence percentage can raise to as much as 4% when including milder subclinical presentations (Sarris, 2011). Bipolar disorder can cause severe dysfunction in theRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1125 Words   |  5 Pageswith several mental disorders. The major diagnosis would be bipolar disorder. She also suffers from borderline personality disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety. The American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder defines bipolar disorder as a recurrent mood disorder that includes periods of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression (Murphy, 2012, p. 44-50). It was previously kn own as manic depressive disorder. It is most commonRead MoreBipolar Disorder Treatments : Symptoms And Symptoms2309 Words   |  10 Pages Bipolar Disorder Treatments Kelly Miazga Metropolitan State University December 8th 2014 â€Æ' Bipolar disorder treatments Introduction Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression or bipolar affective disorder is a mood disorder where the patient experiences episodes of extreme highs known as mania and extreme lows known as depression. Periods of mania and depression vary per person. A person who is displaying a manic episode shows typical symptoms of elevated mood, extreme happiness or irritabilityRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Treatment2115 Words   |  9 Pages Bipolar Disorder The Bipolar disorder or you can call it manic depression, it is a often diagnosed and draining frame or state of mind disorder which causes huge shifts in temperament and frame of mind. The word bipolar means that the two main polar extremes in which a person with the disorder experiences. According a part of the National Institutes of Health that watches over neurological and psychological research this disorder affects about 2.1 million adultsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder963 Words   |  4 Pagesthat goes by we hear someone being labeled as bipolar or another celebrity is getting diagnosed as being bipolar after their spurts of erratic behavior. I had to ask the question, does anyone really know what it means to be bipolar? Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks (NIMH). Suffering from bipolar disorder can mean su ffering from drastic changes in moodRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1274 Words   |  6 Pagesconclusion, Ben Tang was diagnosed with bipolar II disorder indicated by DSM-5 at age 47. He experienced symptoms such as feeling depressed, suicidal thoughts, and worthlessness in depressive episodes. He experienced symptoms such as racing mind, trouble falling asleep, and committing reckless behaviors in hypomanic episodes. It can be challenging to live with bipolar disorder because the symptoms can be hard to deal with. There are several ways to manage bipolar disorder, include medications, support groupRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of bipolar disorder is perhaps just as complex as the condition itself. Bipolar is highly recognized as a treatable disorder. The more we learn about bipolar disorder, the more people may be able to receive the help that they need. Centuries passed and little new was discovered about bipolar disorder until French psychiatrist Jean-Pierre Falret published an article in 1851 describing what he called â€Å"la folie circulaire,† which translates to circular insanity. The article details peopleRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder762 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar Disorder 2 Disorder history, In the 19th century psychiatry, mania had a broad meaning of craziness, hypomania was equated by some concepts of â€Å"partial insanity† or monomania. Bipolar disorder origins in 1854, Jules Baillarger and Jean-Pierre Falret, independently present descriptions of the disorder to Academie de Medicine in Paris. German neuropsychiatrist Emanuel Mendel in 1881 wrote â€Å"that heRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1442 Words   |  6 Pagesmental illness. For example, manic depressive illness, or bipolar disorder, is a cognitive disease which affects â€Å"about 2.6% of the U.S. population† every year (DBSA). Along with the vast number of patients stricken with bipolar, are also a plethora of symptoms, with researchers and patients reporting, â€Å"unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and (an inability) to carry out day-to-day tasks† (NIMH). Along with the symptoms of bipolar are several factors that contribute to the presence of the

Application Of Songwriting Intervention At My Outpatient...

I was eager to facilitate a songwriting intervention in my outpatient adolescent group last month. All eight patients appeared engaged while cutting out quotes, drawing, and gluing words meant to express how they view positive change in their lives. Each young person openly shared their narrative, all except one. With two minutes left of the group, she sighed and read her words aloud. A suicide note slowly formed. I asked several questions about the person in the song, ensured that the patient would be safe, and immediately sought out their case manager. Recognizing the boundaries of my scope of practice as a music therapist, ethically, I could not further process this patient’s suicidal ideation. As an adolescent myself, I unexpectedly lost two close family members shortly after my parents’ divorce. As my mom struggled with finances, gambling addiction, and hoarding, I attempted to help by taking on financial and household responsibilities. My older brother, typically a pillar of support, was sent to complete an inpatient addiction program. I increasingly turned to alcohol, smoking, and excessive sleep to dampen my feelings of despair and anxiety. Meanwhile, I missed over 25 percent of my high school classes, was a frequent patron of my dean’s office, and had grades slipping further down the alphabet. School counselors and social workers quickly caught on to my sudden decline and became familiar faces. My dean frequently asked me to explain my motivations and challenged

Aids in India Free Essays

Why is the A.I.D. We will write a custom essay sample on Aids in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. epidemic prevalent in India? There are several factors that contribute to the spread of the disease but in my opinion, two are more pronounced than the rest. Prevailing cultural practices and economic factors would count as one. This will prove beyond a doubt that my observation is acceptable, as the factors below would reveal. If we observe the geographical boundaries of India, it appears that the AIDS epidemic is more concentrated with the Southern provinces than it is in the North. The reason of course is the disparity in the context of economic conditions. While the South enjoys a much better standard of living, it likewise becomes more susceptible to the spread of the AIDS virus. Remember that AIDS/HIV transmission transpired first in more advanced urban centers like the West and East Coast of the United States (Atwal Alexander). In India, the epidemic follows the same route; the influx of migrant workers is a take off point. Naturally in the course of their stay, they are bound to have a casual rendezvous with the local sex workers. This is typical with workers coming from the Northern States (Uttar Pradesh) for example enters Mumbai to become part of the labor force, so in effect they are the source of HIV transmission. This phenomenon likewise limits the spread of the disease to the Northern States because said migrant workers stay indefinitely and often postpone trips back home, thus delaying the transmission of the virus to their wives (Atwal Alexander). Another factor that definitely promotes the spread of HIV points to the cultural upbringing of the populace. Did you know that sex, as a topic, is taboo to most in India? Moreover, discussion of sex in public is inviolable where age-old traditions of the religious denominations abhor even the slight mention of the word. So what happens next (Indo-Asian News Service)? Besides, the majority of the population are illiterate and unschooled, so you can rule out the possibility of educating them on the merits of HIV prevention. Culture further contributes by keeping residents mum about the disease. Even though the symptoms manifest in them, still they refuse to enter treatment centers because of the stigma that is likely to follow. Even monogamous women become inflicted with the HIV virus, simply because their partners have illicit affairs with other women. In fact there the incidence for HIV is higher in women (Frith). Due to these cultural barriers, health workers cannot educate the majority and up to this day, inhabitants still practice unsafe sex where low condom use has been found responsible for 84% of reported cases. Migration and mobility – due to economic reasons, workers prefer to extend working hours that keep them away from a healthy social environment surrounded by their families and community. This eventually puts them at risk, being prone to unusual behavior (â€Å"Preventing HIV/AIDS in India). Recent studies indicate that a number of drug users today are switching from the inhalation to the injection of drugs, which is relevant to HIV transmission that is more often triggered by the use of unclean needles and syringes. Infections have also been attributed to the low status of women under the norms of Indian society. Given unequal power in relations as well as limited access to human, financial, and economic assets weakens the stance of protection in the context of demanding safer sex, thereby increasing the risk (â€Å"Preventing HIV/AIDS in India). The ethnic composition in India is likewise a big factor as the population has roughly 800 million Hindus and 150 million Muslims. This is vital because these religious sects never practice circumcision. And the health manuals are explicit in the assumption that circumcision indeed can reduce health risks, the risk being seven times for uncircumcised males (Russell). As mentioned above, aside from economic factors that helps spread the virus, cultural leanings as well helps to hide the actual incidence of HIV transmission. Government figures are so low that they seem to downplay the seriousness of the situation. Even President George Bush of the United States has been disheartened by the fact that India shows no interest and restricts the outside world from helping curb the AIDS epidemic. That is the reason why the United States’ campaign against AIDS has been transferred to Vietnam (Russell). As of today, 22 million lives worldwide have been lost to the HIV/AIDS virus and most of these casualties originated from Southern Africa. Will India be next? All indicators point out to India to likely suffer the same fate, as 200 million of its population are already infected with the virus and a little over 5 million are actually suffering from a full blown AIDS infection (Indo-Asian News Service). When will HIV/AIDS reach uncontrollable proportion? The HIV/AIDS situation in India is starting to manifest its ugly head through government neglect and unsound programs. Detailed below are the failed attempts of the government as well as the unfruitful intervention of NGOs and private foundations in the drive against the spread of HIV/AIDS in India. The sub-Saharan region of Africa already registered 13 million deaths due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic while another 25 million are reported be infected with the virus. Recent reports from other countries once categorized as heavily infected have shown signs of abating (Beaubien). Thought of as the main reason for the onset of the AIDS epidemic happens to be poor rain conditions that have made a significant impact on local harvests; adding most likely to the severe food crises. During its heyday, the African epidemic pulls out healthy and productive workers from the fields due to sickness or to aid in the care for a sick relative. And due to this shortage apart from the desire to avert hunger, some women traded sex for food, which thereby increases the risk further. Africa has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world to date, but not anymore because as mentioned, figures could be deceiving (Evers). Given the present rate of HIV infection in India, the number for AIDS could reach a total of 25 million by the year 2010 to eclipse the cases registered in Africa. That is if the Government in India would disregard all efforts to curb the disease. The government should accept the fact that the infection has reached epidemic proportion, so a world effort from the United Nations, donor countries and NGO’s could help thwart the virus in its tracks (â€Å"World AIDS News†). A medical expert from India, Dr Ishwar Gilada presents a bleak assessment of the situation. Sooner or later, India will be home to half of the world’s HIV-infected people with around 200 million of its population infected with the virus, of which around 10 million already contracted a full-blown status where roughly 1 million patients have already died. And if the Government fails in its endeavor to control the epidemic, then the projected 25 million cases could be expected in the next two years (â€Å"World AIDS News†). The projection is bleak indeed since the Global Fund intended for the prevention of AIDS urgently needs some 700 million dollars to support its outlined projects. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for example has pledged 200 million dollars in its India AIDS initiative. The grant will be used to help support HIV prevention measures in the Indian States of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Manipur and Nagaland (â€Å"World AIDS News†). What has the Government done so far? India’s fight against AIDS started in 1992 through the World Bank-financed National AIDS Program. The effort was nationwide in scope that set-up AIDS control offices in 32 states and union territories. The program somehow increased access to information, education and communication programs, using media and regular communication mediums such as folk music, festivals, HIV consciousness campaigns and even elephant parades to broadcast the risks involved in HIV (â€Å"India: Stemming the AIDS Epidemic†). Other Government initiatives include blood safety measures or the mandatory screening conducted by most blood banks, which banned professional blood donations while promoting it as voluntary and systems-wide strategy to improve blood banks services. All these somehow raised public awareness on the evils of HIV/AIDS, informing around 80% of the population; 64% in the countryside, particularly the high-risk group. Some positive observations have already been stipulated with reports coming from the states of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, all presenting encouraging feedback for their HIV programs (â€Å"India: Stemming the AIDS Epidemic†). There are still persistent reports that the Government effort does not suffice with the continued rise of the HIV/AIDS. The information drive and prevention measures seem to have failed in its drive to educate the majority. The think-tank in New Delhi failed to show remarkable strides in the desire to contain the epidemic. The world may just as well brace for a 19% full-blown AIDS infection rate by 2020 or that would be around 200 million cases. How to cite Aids in India, Papers

Economics for Business Business Monopoly

Question: Describe about the Economics for Business of Business Monopoly. Answer: Introduction: Natural monopoly takes place when the most effective set of firms in the industry is one. Thus, the natural monopoly will significantly have higher incidence of fixed cost, which represents an impractical situation of having more than one organisation producing the goods. One of such examples of natural monopoly is the use of tap water. It is however sensible to have just one business rendering a system of water pipes and sewers since there are higher incidence of capital cost incurred in establishing the national system of pipes and sewage systems. It is noteworthy to denote that natural monopolies are considered as un-contestable and firms operating under such environment does not faces any competition. Hence, without the intervention of the government they could misuse the market control and set higher prices. Natural monopolies usually require government regulations and government can wish to regulate the monopolies by protecting the interest of the consumers. Analysis: The major problems associated with the monopolies is that a monopolistic firm is left to its own consensus and is most likely to produce the outputs, which are of lower quantity and charge higher price. Hence, a monopolist generally produces the output where price is relatively higher than the marginal cost highlighting a situation of under apportionment of resources in the direction of the product. Thus, by restriction the output and increase the price of the product the monopolist is guaranteed of higher profits, which is at the cost of community and consumer welfare. However, the prices of a monopolist is determined by the quantity of output that could yield a greater profit. The same can be elaborated with use of diagram given below. Figure 1: Economic Profit Diagram (Monopolists Profit Maximization Price and Quantity) (Source: Hubbard, Garnett Lewis, 2012) Regrettably, in certain industries due to wide range of productivity over which the economies of scale is felt and on few occasion only one firms makes the most of such situation. Government regulators are usually up with the problems of dealing with the natural monopolistic businesses such as power industry. It should be noted that an electrical company would base its price and output decision in the market to maximise the profit based on the law that all unregulated firms manufacture at a degree where their marginal revenue is equivalent to the marginal cost. For example, monopolies have the supremacy in the market to set prices greater than the competitive markets. Hence, government can control price through using price capping, yardstick competition to prevent the development of monopoly influence. The problematic situation arises for the monopolist that its marginal revenue is lower than the price charged, which it should be charging. This represents that at the profit maximising level of output, the marginal cost would be less than the price, in other words, not adequate quantity of energy will be manufactured and the cost will be very high for some of t he customers to afford (Hubbard, Garnett Lewis, 2012). This paves the way for government regulations. The government regulation in a natural monopoly can be clearly explained well in the diagram below as below the efficient price, it will suffer a loss. Figure 2: ATC Pricing (Regulating a Natural Monopoly) (Source: Case, Fair Oster, 2012) A government regulations is concerned with providing the correct quantity of electricity among the correct set of individuals and it may choose to set price ceiling for electricity at the level where price is equivalent to the organisations marginal cost. In the likelihood of the situation, the organisations average total cost will ultimately decline over a wider range of output. This would represent a scenario which leading to loss for firm and might lead to failure of the business with shut down. Under such circumstances most of the government introduce the method of price ceiling where prices are equivalent to the firms average total cost, which represents the firm, is operating at break-even point. Under the breakeven point, the firm would be earning normal profit, which is essential to keep the organisation in the business representing fair return price. The impression of deregulation of electricity marketplace was to eliminate the price ceilings, which might lead to better economies of profit for companies. This will subsequently help in attracting new companies in the market and will promote competition. With highly competitive markets prices falls to the optimal level, which ultimately benefits the consumers and producers and forces them to be more product oriented to compete in the market. Reason behind the government regulations towards monopolies: Without the intervention from government regulations firms may monopoly the price by overstating it. These monopolies would lead to a locative inadequacy and sharp fall in well-being of customers. On the other hand, an organisation having the control over the facility of a specific facility it may possess little inducement to provide a respectable quality service. Government regulations can safeguard that the organisation meet the required minimum standard of service (Varian, 2014). It is noteworthy to denote that in some of the businesses, it is conceivable to promote competition and consequently there shall be less number of government regulations. However, due to economies of large scale, the number of most well-organized companies is one and government is unable boost competition, as it is vital to control the firm in order to avert the misuse of monopoly power. Government policies may help in restricting the formation of monopolies by eliminating the barriers to entry and application of antitrust law. It is noteworthy to denote that a natural monopoly has increasing return to sales and a single firm can provide service to the entire market at the lowest cost. However, under the natural monopolies, the monopolist produces output, which is equal to the marginal cost creating a dead weight loss. In order to reduce the dead weight loss government regulates the price of firms by forcing them to apply the concept of average total cost or acting itself in the form of benevolent. As the monopolies have created a deadweight loss, government may remove the barriers to enter into the market by using the monopolies to break up the deadweight. It should be noted that due to economies of large scale a natural monopoly has lower average cost with the increase in output. Another method adopted by the government to regulate the monopolies is directing the m onopolist the amount of price to be charged. Government may force the monopolies to price their product at marginal cost or at average total cost. The theory of marginal costing pricing techniques helps the government to eliminate dead weight loss however; it is difficult to calculate and often requires monopolies to function at loss. On the other hand, the average costing pricing techniques may result in some kind of dead weight loss but it is easier to compute the firms breakeven point. Figure 3: Falling Average Cost Curve of natural monopoly market (Source: Hubbard, Garnett Lewis, 2012) It is evident from the figure that the regulating authority can set the price even lower price which is equal to the Average cost rule where P = AC. This occurs at point E. The monopolist sells a unit of output at the price equal to OP. under such circumstances the monopolist yields normal profit, which it takes into the consideration of cost structure. Several economist opinion differs whether such returns would be termed as fair in economic context (Varian, 2014). Any kind of wrong judgement would lead to long term ineffective apportioning of resources and losses. The monopolist under such circumstances would not increase the output beyond certain level where there is a probability of incurring losses. Since natural monopolist, largely benefit from economies of large scale. Long run marginal cost is more likely to be less than the long run average cost in the relevant framework of output. In such case, the marginal cost pricing can lead to losses to the monopolist. Price regulations: As it is evident with all the monopolies, a monopolist who has acquired the position through natural monopoly effects might engage in such activities which involves the abuse of market power which often lead to calls for price regulations from government. Government regulations may arise at certain circumstances where business request to enter in the new market which is dominated by a natural monopoly. One of the common aspects involved in favour of the arguments is the need to restrict the companys ability to abuse the power or to facilitate competition, increase investment and stabilisation of market (Case, Fair Oster, 2012). The analysis is true in context to the essential electricity where a monopoly creates a situation of captive markets for products, which few can refuse. In common practice, price regulations occurs when the government believes that if the company is left to exercise his own device, would ultimately behave in such a way which is against the consumers interest. In some of the countries, an early solution to these perceived problems is the government provisions that allows the ability of the monopolist to regulate price that have devastating impact on the society. As it is explained in the study that the marginal cost of the natural monopolist is lower than the average total cost (Varian, 2014). It is noteworthy to denote that such kinds of price discrimination favouring the less affluent and against the more wealthy customers may under such circumstances enable the less to gain natural monopoly at lower rate than those that corresponds to the average total cost. The chief characteristics of natural monopoly is that its average total cost falloffs on a continuous basis over any number of amount demanded by the market. For example if a business has big amount of cost, which are fixed, then a solo firm can offer the goods at a very low cost than more number of organisations. This is due to the average total cost of each of the firm would be much higher in comparison to the natural monopoly. An environment of natural monopoly can deliver goods and service for a lesser amount if there is no such rivalry. An example of electricity has been cited as one of the natural monopoly in the market. Figure 4: Inefficiency of a natural monopoly (Source: Case, Fair Oster, 2012) The theory puts forward the question of price, which is required to be duly put in place the natural monopoly. Firms operating under competitive environment, revenues can be maximised under the circumstances when marginal cost is equal to the market price. It is noteworthy to denote that since the average total cost of a natural monopoly drops on a constant rate hence, the marginal cost will always be less than that of the average total cost (ATC). As the average total cost is the aggregate of all cost, which includes a large number of cost, which are fixed whereas the marginal cost represents the additional cost, incurred for producing an extra unit of output. Therefore, a natural monopoly will constantly lose cash if the amount that is charged is restricted to the marginal cost (Pierk Weil, 2016). A highly-regulated amount would be the one that allowed the monopoly to charge an amount, which is at times denoted as the equitable return price and is equivalent to the average total c ost. Such practice would allow the natural monopoly to survive in the form of regular business however; it will not incentivize the proprietors to cut down the rate. Hence, this type of regulations can be improved by letting the monopolist to retain a portion of their revenues produced by decreasing the cost. Conclusion: To conclude with it can be observed that marginal cost price is decided by the marginal Cost. The study highlights that monopolist will produce in the long run and charge high price unless the government undertakes the initiative to set price in order to cut down the natural monopoly. The government may act to choose be benevolent monopolist itself however it may be best to suit efficient running of the business. The study clearly defines that government can regulate price through using price covering, yardstick competition to avert the progression of monopoly power. In the likelihood of the situation, the businesses average total cost will eventually decline over a wider range of output. The study defines that under such scenario the profit maximising level of output, the marginal cost would be less than the price. With the adoption of pricing strategy, government may help in restricting the formation of monopolies by eliminating the barriers to entry and significantly promotes a pe rfectly competitive market. Reference List: Case, K. E., Fair, R. C., Oster, S. M. (2012).Principles of economics. Prentice Hall. Hubbard, G., Garnett, A., Lewis, P. (2012).Essentials of economics. Pearson Higher Education AU. Pierk, J., Weil, M. (2016). Price regulation and accounting choice.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,35(3), 256-275. Varian, H. R. (2014).Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.